Joseph Mallord William Turner

Joseph Mallord William Turner(1775-1851)
Более всего известен своими поздними картинами, в которых очертания предметов растворены в стихии света и цвета. Отвлеченность живописной характеристики, получившая воплощение в таких произведениях, как Дождь, пар и скорость (Лондон, Национальная галерея), была совершенно новым качеством в искусстве этого времени, в какой-то мере предвосхитившим не только поиски французских импрессионистов, но и художественные достижения мастеров абстракционизма. Тернер родился 23 апреля 1775 в Лондоне. Получив начальное образование, он целиком посвятил себя занятиям искусством и в 1789 поступил в школу при Королевской академии художеств. В 1802 он был избран членом Академии, а в 1808 стал преподавателем живописи. Художник много путешествовал, особенно по Италии.
Обучение у мастера архитектурного и топографического рисунка Томаса Малтона (Младшего) и изучение произведений выдающихся пейзажистов 17 в. оказали решающее влияние на концепцию пейзажа у Тернера. Он преодолел рамки описательности и пристрастие к изображению древностей и превратил пейзаж в средство выражения романтических переживаний. Это проявилось наиболее ярко в сотнях созданных им акварелей, где изображенное пространство насыщено светом и воздухом. Приемы изображения различных состояний световоздушной среды были перенесены затем в масляную живопись. В 1807 Тернер начал широко известную серию из 70 гравюр, выполненных в технике офорта и меццо-тинто для издания, получившего название Liber Studiorum. Взяться за эту работу, продолжавшуюся до 1820, мастера побудило его восхищение собранием гравированных рисунков Клода Лоррена Liber Veritatis. Тернер умер в Челси 19 декабря 1851.

Он завещал свои картины ( Наследие Тернера ) Национальной галерее в Лондоне при условии, что две из них будут экспонированы вместе с произведениями Клода Лоррена, а остальные сто с небольшим - в галерее Тернера . В 1897 большинство картин художника было передано в галерею Тэйт. При содействии последней было начато сооружение примыкающей к ней галереи Клор, специально предназначенной для размещения произведений Тернера. Галерея Клор была открыта для публики в 1987.

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